The Shu'ubi movement, which promoted freethinking in society, was not only an expression of ethnic thought in Arabic literature, but also reflected a number of important cultural processes. This included the revival of ancient pre-Islamic religious views of non-Arabs (for example, Manichaeism), a critical approach to Arabic poetic traditions, and the activation of heterodox movements within Islam (for example, Shiism). This literary process, which has its roots in the era of ignorance, that is, the freethinking of ethnic minorities, reached its peak in the 8th–10th centuries, which is considered the golden age of the Abbasids. The fact that the Shu'ubis boasted of their original lineage and insulted the Arabs in the next stage mobilized the Arab fanatics. The classicism and return to traditions that constituted the resistance against the Shu'ubis in literature strengthened. Among the Arab fanatics, who presented the Arabs as the owners of the ancient art of speech, the collection of poetry samples was taken care of, and many anthologies appeared. The disputes and discussions typical of the Mu'tazilites in society reached their peak. Mosques and markets became the arena of debate between Arab and non-Arab peoples. These disputes paved the way for a number of literary examples, the works of al-Jahiz and Ibn Abd Rabbih.