The article examines the main environmental factors that determine environmental risks in Azerbaijan. Such negative environmental impacts include pollution, salinization, soil erosion mainly in the arid zone of the country, oil pollution of the soil in oil production areas, pollution of aquatic ecosystems (Kura, Araz, Samur, etc.), pollution of irrigation canal waters and their consequences, air pollution, high population density exceeding the biocapacity of the country's territory, reduction in forest area, high urbanization, impact of natural factors. Based on the preliminary analysis and assessment of environmental risks in the country, and the results of bioindication and biomonitoring of various habitats in Azerbaijan, priority tasks have been proposed for the upcoming years.

In this work, we investigated the effect of epiphysectomy in inhibiting and activating the melatonin-forming function on hemocoagulation factors. When the melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland is activated in the dark phase, the blood clotting time is shortened more sharply than in animals in a state of inhibition of the melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland. The reasons for this phenomenon are revealed in the following: when the melatonin-forming function of the pineal gland is inhibited in the light phase, a hypercoagulable shift is observed in almost all hemocoagulation factors - blood clotting time is shortened (by 38%), the number of platelets increases (by 3.1%), the amount of fibrinogen increases (by 25%), fibrinolytic activity decreases (by 32%). In the dark phase, hypocoagulative changes develop, the number of platelets decreases by 2.7%, the amount of fibrinogen increases by 45%, fibrinolytic activity increases by 60%. The effect of light on the endocrine apparatus is mediated by two special organs: photoreceptors and neuroendocrine transducers. Moreover, the only photoreceptor in adult mammals is the retina. When light acts on the retina, nerve impulses enter not only the brain, but also through the spinal cord into the neuroendocrine transducers-epiphysis. Under the influence of light in rats, the size of pinealocytes decreases, the number of nucleoli in cells decreases, and the cytoplasm becomes less basophilic. The above makes it possible to conclude that with prolonged inhibition of the pineal gland by the light factor, hypercoagulation develops. With prolonged activation of the melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland, a paradoxical phenomenon is observed: the blood clotting time is sharply shortened (by 62%) than in animals with an inhibited melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland and epiphysectomized animals.

Growth rate of Lacerta strigata is maximum between I and II wintering periods. As a result of this research, it was found that the SVL sizes of males living in the same populations are larger than that of females. It was observed that the SVL sizes of females were significantly lower than those of males between the I wintering and the II wintering periods in the Djorat settlement stationary. In the tallest stationary, there was no significant difference in SVL sizes in male and female individuals between I wintering and II wintering periods. The main visible difference between them is observed between representatives who have turned 1 year old and have wintered twice. In general, females of Lacerta strigata tend to keep patterns in the form of lines on their bodies.

One of the major challenges in agriculture is the loss of productivity in bread and durum wheat genotypes cultivated in Azerbaijan due to water scarcity. As a result, the development of wheat genotypes that are resistant to both abiotic and biotic stresses remains a key focus of research. This study examined the effect of drought stress on the activity of key metabolic enzymes-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), and NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) in durum and bread wheat genotypes during the milky stage (MS), dough stage (WS), and physiological stage (PS) of grain development. Results indicated that PEPC activity significantly increased during the WR stage in the drought-tolerant durum wheat variety Barakatli 95, showing a threefold increase under drought conditions. In contrast, the drought-sensitive Garagylchyg 2 exhibited a smaller increase of 1.5 times. In bread wheat varieties, PEPC activity remained unchanged in Tale 38, while it decreased by twofold in the ripening seeds of the drought-sensitive variety Gobustan in the dough stage. AspAT activity was stable in durum wheat but significantly decreased in bread wheat, particularly in the Gobustan variety. NAD-MDH activity increased in durum wheat, while it decreased in bread wheat under drought conditions. Further biochemical studies on sensitive and tolerant wheat varieties could provide valuable insights into drought tolerance and help identify promising genotypes for future breeding programs.

Nanoparticles have been the subject of researchers due to their unique properties. The importance of nanoparticles in technological fields is related to their adaptable properties. They are synthesized by reducing metal ions to uncharged nanoparticles using reducing agents. However, in recent years there have been several initiatives to develop green technology that uses natural resources instead of hazardous chemicals to produce nanoparticles. In green synthesis, biological methods are used for the synthesis of nanoparticles because biological methods are environmentally friendly, safe, economical, uncomplicated and highly productive. So, in this review we discuss different approaches in nanoparticles’ synthesis and comparative characteristics of nanosilver particles, synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological methods.

Among other groups of hydrobionts, free-living ciliates are the primary consumers of aquatic ecosystems and they play an important role in the processing of organic matter. This group of free living protozoa is actively involved in the production and destruction of organic matter at primary trophic levels. Under favorable environmental conditi\ons, free living ciliates have the ability to multiply intensively and form a high biomass. Studies by a num¬ber of authors have shown that due to their abundance of free-living protozoa, their biomass is several grams per liter of water and this, in turn, is comparable with the biomass of multicellular animals living in aquatic biotopes

Corn (Zea mays L.) with dark-colored grains accumulate anthocyanins - pigments from the class of flavonoids, which are products of secondary metabolism and have antioxidant properties. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that consuming foods rich in anthocyanins leads to a significant reduction in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Participating in metabolism, anthocyanins have a beneficial effect on maintaining health. Based on this, the present study was evaluated the total content and composition of anthocyanins in the grains of 21 local dark corn samples. For this purpose, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric and mass-spectrometric detection was used. In the grains of the studied forms, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, as well as isomeric products of their mono- and diacylation with malonic acid, were identified. Pelargonidin-3-glucoside derivatives predominated in the grain extracts of some studied forms. Promising corn samples were selected as a source material for further breeding work to create local forms with improved nutritional and therapeutic properties.