Abstract This article discusses the development of IgY technologies for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in dogs, such as parvovirus enteritis, distemper and hepatitis. These diseases are a significant threat to canine health and they are highly lethal, that emphasizing the need for new, effective and safe agents. Methods for isolating, purifying and determining the concentration of IgY immunoglobulins from egg yolks of hyperimmunized chickens are described. Clinical tests on dogs to determine the efficacy of the resulting preparation were also performed. During the study it was found that the IgY-based product significantly improves the immune response in dogs, helps to reduce the severity of the parvovirus enteritis, canine distemper, and infectious hepatitis and accelerates the dog's recovery by 2 days (20-28%). Potential advantages of the new drug in comparison with existing therapeutic agents, as well as its possible application in veterinary practice are discussed. The proposed IgY-based drug is a prospective tool for the treatment and prevention of serious infectious diseases in dogs, which opens up new opportunities in the field of veterinary medicine.

Abstract This study presents for the first time data on the composition of microelements and polyprenols in the extract of cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety T-104 and the effect of presowing treatment with the extract on the responses of cultivated plants in the initial period of development. It has been established that, according to the quantitative composition of polyprenol homologues, the extract of the leaves of the cotton line T-104 differs from the previously developed drug Uchkun. In this extract, undecaprenol dominates with a content of 72.5%, and also decaprenol was detected in an amount of 8.8% and dodecaprenol 18.7%. It was revealed that the content of trace elements, such as manganese and copper in the leaves of cotton line T104 is 4-5 times higher than that of the 108-F variety. As a result of treatment with an extract of some cultural plants (wheat seeds, cucumber and radishes), it was observed that the growth of stems is more activated. It was found that the extract, as well as the drug uchkun, contributes to an increase in the content of cytokinin in wheat seedlings. The extract has been shown to have a high stress-protective activity. It stimulates plant growth and increases wet and dry mass when plants are grown under saline conditions.

Abstract Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have GRAS status, have been used since ancient times by representatives of different civilizations as starter or co-cultures for the production of various fermentation products. As part of these products, they transform carbohydrate components to fermentation and synthesize a large amount of lactic acid, which, creating an acidic environment, first - gives the products pleasant taste and organoleptic properties, the second - prevents the development of accompanying microbial populations and protects them from spoilage and contamination pathogens. Along with lactic acid, LAB produce many metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Important of them are BLIS (Bacteriocin – like inhibitory substances), active peptides - synthesized on ribosomes and post-translationally modified. With selective antimicrobial activity, these peptides usually affect closely related species, but some have strong activity against pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. Thus, interest in them is increasing everyyear. In the present work, two previously isolated from three samples of Apsheron white cheese, were unidentified as bacteriocinogenic strains. Primary screening was carried out using “direct plating” method.The antimicrobial activity of isolated strains was determinedby the variants of agar diffusion method. The strains were active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, L. brevis and E. coli. The maximum titer of the BLIS produced was found in the cultivation medium at the end of the exponential growth phase of the LAB cultures, which defines them as the primary metabolites. Phenotypic identification of active strains revealed their belonging to two species of the genus Enterococcus: E. faecium P1-3 and E. faecalis P3-2.

Abstract Cancer is the abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells multiply rapidly despite space constraints, nutrients shared by other cells, or signals from the body to stop reproduction. Cancer cells are often shaped differently from healthy cells, do not work properly, and can spread to many parts of the body. Tumors are abnormal tissue growth, clumps of cells that can grow and divide uncontrollably. In this article, the anti-proliferative effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) concentrations determined as a result of cytotoxicity test on C6 rat glioma cells in two different ways were investigated. For this, PCNA immunofluorescence method was used. The effects of protocatechuic acid on C6 cell proliferation were examined using anti-PCNA primary antibody on at least 30 photos from each group. The values of the fluorescent intensity ratios of PCNA-labeled cells between the experimental groups were statistically compared with the control group. Compared to the control group, it was observed that cell proliferation decreased significantly at increasing concentrations both in the groups in which PCA was applied to C6 cells alone and in the groups in the inflammation culture model created with THP-1 human monocyte cells.

Abstract Herbal preparations from medicinal plants offer an effective remedy to some liver injuries due to their rich phytonutrients. Herbal preparations are made from herbal drugs, such as whole plant, plant parts, algae, fungi, lichen, exudates, in a crude state in dried or fresh form and extracts with the help of different processes such as infusion, decoction, maceration, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration, fermentation. These herbal preparations include whole plant or parts, comminuted, or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures and extracts, fatty oils, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates of herbal materials. This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides on activities of specific biomarkers for liver and kidney damage like ALT, AST, Creatinine, and Urea in control and treated animals. An overdose of 1000mg/kg paracetamol significantly (p<0.05) increases the activity of ALT, AST, and albumin, levels of total protein, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and bicarbonate respectively, whereas the activity of ALP and levels of potassium and sodium were significantly (p<0.05) reduced as compared to normal. Of the three experimental drug concentrations, an exposure with 600mg/kg aqueous extract of A. conyzoides yielded the best results as it restored the values of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and bicarbonate compared to control whereas ALP, total protein, albumin, potassium, and sodium levels are not restored by administration of plant extract. It is evident from observations that aqueous extract of A. conyzoides steadily repaired injured hepatic tissues and impaired renal function caused by paracetamol.

Abstract The objective of this study was histological structure of lungs and liver of lizards. The septal air sacs inside the lizard's lungs are much larger than the alveoli of mammals and the air ducts of birds. Despite the large volume created by the septa in the lungs of lizards, the surface area in contact with air is much less than that of birds and mammals. Muscles on the front side of the lungs locate in the transverse direction of the lung, and due to their constriction, the entrance to the air sacs located in front is narrowed. But the direction of the smooth muscles in the middle part of the lungs is along the length of the partitions, and due to their constriction, the volume of the air sacs decreases. İn the experiments carried out by us, the main part of gas exchange occurs at the front part of the lungs, and air collects at the back part of the lungs. Gas exchange in the posterior sections of the lungs is very weak. Inside the lungs of geckos, there are tubes similar to the air ducts of birds. In lizards exposed to stress, most of the blood is retained in various organs (lung, liver) and the amount of circulating blood decreases sharply. When we observe the livers of lizards by stationaries, the diameter of sinusoids is determined to decrease as the height above sea level increases, but the number of sinusoids per unit area increases.

Abstract The connexin family comprises twenty-one distinct protein isoforms, eleven of which are localized within the central nervous system and are expressed by both neuronal and glial cells. These proteins assemble on the cellular membrane to generate a hydrophilic channel measuring approximately 1.5 nanometers in diameter, thereby facilitating the establishment of gap junctions between adjacent cells. The resulting structures, known as connexons and gap junctions or electric synapses, enable the coordinated exchange of functional and metabolic information between neurons and astrocytes. The modification of connexin (Cx) expression and functionality has been found to impact both inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, Cx-mediated hemichannels and channels have been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. The exacerbation of pathological processes within glial cells results in aberrant regulation of hemichannels, leading to the unregulated release of gliotransmitters and subsequent amplification of the inflammatory response. This highlights the pervasive pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting Cx-based hemichannels and channels for treatment purposes. This comprehensive review examines the significance of Connexins (Cxs) in both neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, where blocking connexin-mediated channels and hemichannels presents potential therapeutic opportunities for treating convulsive and degenerative neurological conditions. The review underscores the crucial role played by Cx-based channels, including gap junctions and electric synapses, as well as hemichannels, or connexons, in the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, this review delves into the mechanisms underlying Cx-mediated processing of neuro-inflammatory responses.

Abstract In the present study, a novel Schiff base of salicylaldehyde was synthesized. Salicylaldehyde-based azomethine was synthesized by the condensation reaction of heteroatom-containing polyamine and aldehydes in acetonitrile in a non-catalyst medium and characterised by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR analysis. The major advantage of the reaction is that it eliminates the requirement for a particular purification process, such column chromatography, for the obtained chemicals. Graphene oxide nanolayers, the second component, have been produced using a modified Hummer technique. The oxidising agent concentration (H2SO4+KMnO4) was increased, allowing for the receipt of purer nanolayers, which is what led to the method's change. Through the use of SEM and XRD techniques to examine the structure and morphology of nanolayers, it was shown that the thickness of these layers is 1 nm. Azomethine was then used to modify graphene oxide. Subsequently, graphene oxide was modified with azomethine. The compound and the ensemble were screened for antibacterial (S. aureus, E. coli, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia) activities. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds were also ascertained by the two-fold micro-dilution method. A study revealed that azomethine's antibacterial activity might be enhanced through the addition of graphene oxide nanolayers into the molecule itself.