Rarely occurring cases are considered when zeolites, during the gradual increase in temperature and bypassing the amorphization stage, recrystallize into densely packed framework phases. Examples of transformations include: gismondine → anorthite, laumontite-wairakite, low-silica Na- and Ca-chabazites → phases with a sodalite framework. It is shown that these transformations occur due to the inversion of the vertices of part of the framework tetrahedra to the opposite side, i.e., through the "swing transfer" mechanism, which determines the presence of common structural elements in the original and newly formed phases. The role of the stoichiometric factor and the presence of wa-ter molecules in the frameworks at the moment of recrystallization is examined. Based on the devel-oped concepts, the possibility of recrystallization of the Na, Ca form of synthetic zeolite type P (Si/Al=1.8) into a feldspar phase of the andesine type is predicted and experimentally confirmed.

The landscape complexes of 10 of the 43 mud volcanoes included in the State Nature Reserve (Shorbulag, Gulbakht-Sarinja, Pilpili Garadag, Garadag Akhtarma, Torpagli Akhtarma, Otman-Bozdag, Shahgaya, Chapilmish, Kirdag, Buransiz-Chulga) and their surrounding areas has been in-vestigated in the article. The inclination degrees, relief, vegetation, and soil cover composition of the area were studied by using images obtained from Google Earth software, DEM (Digital Elevation Model) files, and litera-ture materials. Maps, tables and graphs were also prepared based on the obtained results.

The electrical properties of wet rocks from the Saatli well, taken from a depth of 5-7 km, were studied at high pressures and temperatures. Through a comparative analysis of the curves constructed from laboratory measurements and electrical logging data their differences were revealed at depths below 6 km, which could not be compensated by the laboratory modeling method. Thus, it was concluded that the identified differ-ence may be associated with lower saturation of rocks under natural stratification conditions due to the replacement of water with the gas phase. Criteria for identifying the boundary of transition from “wet” to “dry” crust have been determined, which poses the need for a fundamentally new ap-proach to the geological interpretation of electrical exploration data below and above this boundary.

Based on the study of the systematic composition, morphological features, habitat conditions, the time of appearance and disappearance of echinoids in the Cenomanian-Santonian time in the Lesser Caucasus, the Cenomanian-Santonian stage is distinguished, including the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian phases. It has been established that each distinguished phase corresponds to complex moments, differing from each other in their evolutionary changes of a particular taxon during a certain geological time, that is, appearance and disappearance, lush reproduction and fre-quency of appearance in sections.

As a result of the research, it was established that in the oil refining industry (ORI) it is possible to clean up to 74.65% the oil sludges waste mixture (OSWM) from the oil products waste mixture (OPWM) contained in it. As it is known, it can be considered effective to carry out in the specified amount the purification of the OSWM formed in the ORI, which has a very complex composition. Thus, it was established that it is possible to purify OSWM which doesn’t contain acidic gudron and non-fuel oil with bentonite clay for 85.66%. During the research, primary gasoline fraction was used instead of petroleum ether as an extractant and bentonite clay was used as an adsorbent for the purification of OSWM.

The article analyzes the problems of determining the main directions of ensuring environmen-tal safety, the basin in terms of using the economic potential of the Caspian Sea. First and foremost, the main factors that determine the use of the economic potential of the basin, increasing its prospective position in hydrocarbon production are identified, the need to protect the marine ecosystem is highlighted.

The Second Karabakh War, which was started by Armenia in the morning of September 27, 2020, ended with the signing of the act of capitulation - the Tripartite Declaration - which confirmed the defeat of the enemy on November 10, 2020, as a result of the successful counter-offensive opera-tion of Azerbaijan. As a result of the correct policy and leadership of Ilham Aliyev, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan during the 44-day Great Patriotic War, the Azerbaijani army liberated the occupied areas and their surrounding territories in nearly 30 years and achieved the complete integrity of the country. With this bravery, our republic made a big noise all over the world, and many great world leaders studied the tactics of our country. According to the state-ment of November 10, Aghdam, Kalbajar and Lachin regions were taken back without shooting. In particular, during the battles for Shusha, our Special Forces liberated the area from occupation without the use of military equipment and weapons through hand-to-hand combat, proving to the whole world how strong our army is.

Aridity is the most destructive phenomenon for the environment. Weather-related disasters affected 2.8 billion people, 50% of them from aridity between 1967 and 1991. Because aridity cover large areas, they are difficult to control using traditional systems. Solving these problems is possible with the help of geographic information technologies, as well as remote sensing of the Earth, which provide objective information in the form of multispectral images of the earth's surface. Currently, a large number of indices have been developed to determine the type of covering surface and its condition, based on the calculation of the ratios of reflection coefficients in various areas of the electromagnetic range. The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the potential use of temperature condition indi-ces to determine the degree of aridity of a research area based on satellite imagery data over an ex-tended period. The article discusses the issue of determining the degree of aridity of the research area using the temperature condition index TCI. Based on Landsat satellite images, electronic maps of TCI index values were constructed in the territory of 3 regions included in the southwestern region of Azerbai-jan: Zangilan, Jabrayil and Fizuli districts. The results were analyzed, and the entire territory, according to the calculated index values by using the ArcGIS 10.6 program, was divided into 5 zones with different aridity values - from extreme drought to its absence. Satellite images were taken for 4 years to determine the dynamics: 1987, 2004, 2013 and 2023. A pairwise (for each period considered) comparison of data was made. It is shown that the driest seasons are currently occurring in this area. Areas with a pronounced change in the situation for the worse are indicated.

For the first time, the article analyzes the trends of sustainable economic development in the Republic of Azerbaijan through the “Decoupling Efficiency” Index, and identifies the interrelationship of all three processes in the balance of equality “economic development = use of natural resources = degree of anthropogenic impact on the environment”. For this purpose, the "Decoupling Efficiency" index was calculated based on the dynamics of GDP and water changes from natural sources in the country between 2015 and 2020. The analysis shows that even though GDP and water from natural sources decreased by 9.1% and 9.8%, respec-tively, the "Decoupling Factor" (-) 0.0781 was formed. The final result of DF is less than “0” (-) indicator that economic resource development in the republic has growth dynamics of anthropogenic impact on the environment, as well as “Decou-pling Efficiency” is not observed in economic development, it does not meet the OESD-sustainability index.

The article deals with the structures that control the localization of copper-porphyry min-eralization. The formation conditions of these deposits are characterized. It is believed that the formation of copper-porphyry deposits is related to the penetration of stock-like small granodio-rite-porphyry intrusion bodies into the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust.